This is the final post in a series. Selecting the Best System – Booster Versus Cascade Versus Secondary Table 1 lists the advantages and disadvantages of cascade, transcritical, and secondary...
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This is post number 11 of a series. Retail Cascade Systems The cascade system comprises: The low stage, which provides cooling for the load. The post CO2 as a Refrigerant – Introduction to Retail...
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This is post number ten of a series. Retail Booster Systems Two-stage compression is used for transcritical low temperature applications because the discharge temperature of R744 is high and will...
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This is post number nine of a series. Introduction to Retail Transcritical Systems The diagram in Figure 1 is a simple single-stage transcritical system. The refrigerant discharged from the...
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This is post number eight of a series. Transcritical, cascade, and secondary CO2 systems This series continues with the introduction of transcritical, cascade and secondary systems; it explains...
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Table 1 shows a simple comparison of R744 with other types of refrigerants, including those that are currently commonly used and those that are currently being evaluated for future use. The post...
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This is post number five of a series, and continues our overview of CO2 as a refrigerant by touching on the potential hazards associated with handling systems where R744 is present. The post CO2...
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Many R744 systems operate above the critical point some or all of the time. This is not a problem; the system merely works differently and is designed with these needs in mind. The post CO2 as a...
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Carbon dioxide is a naturally occurring substance; the atmosphere is comprised of approximately 0.04 percent CO2 (370 ppm). It is produced during respiration by most living organisms and is...
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Multiple factors need to be carefully considered when selecting any refrigerant, including its cooling capacity, safety, environmental impact, ease of use, cost, and availability of components and...
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In this article, we present a compressed regulatory compliance timetable for the HVACR equipment supply chain.
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In October, the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) issued a final decision on its Technology Transitions Rule, establishing a federal framework for the phasedown of hydrofluorocarbon (HFC)...
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To meet the growing needs for lower-global warming potential (GWP) heating, air conditioning and refrigeration equipment technologies, Copeland is optimizing its major compressor platforms for use...
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Discover recent EPA proposals and how they provide clarity on timing, GWP levels and a likely path forward in our recent regulatory update article.
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Discover how field research validated significant annual energy savings and associated benefits of the Copeland digital outdoor refrigeration unit. unit, X-Line Series
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In this E360 Webinar, our regulatory experts presented an overview of new developments and provided answers for those evaluating their next-generation equipment strategies.
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This R-744 (CO₂) system shares the same refrigerant in both the MT and LT. The LT compressors act as boosters and discharge into the suction of the MT compressors.
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For more than a decade, CO₂ refrigeration systems have experienced rising global adoption as environmentally friendly alternatives to traditional systems.
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As the global hydrofluorocarbon (HFC) refrigerant phasedown continues to progress, U.S. regulations, codes and standards are evolving to support the emergence of lower-global warming potential...
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In the global transition away from high-global warming potential (GWP) hydrofluorocarbon (HFC) refrigerants, R-290 (aka propane) has emerged as an increasingly viable alternative.
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